Busty
Highway Hunter
Pedestrian safety.
So Audi is exempt from pedestrian safety.... got it
It's less trivial than you assume, I guess.
Front styling including shutlines is determined by the entire hood and what's underneath in certain quadrants (and how weight distribution is, in general). Audi (and other brands building upon FWD platforms) make use of that and profit from a certain flexibility. BMW (as well as Mercedes) are often in a more tricky situation, in 'low' cars particularly.
As far as medical aspects are concerned, this article may be good starter. There are some more recent ones on design implications.
A Methodology for the Geometric Standardization of Vehicle Hoods to Compare Real-World Pedestrian Crashes